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Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... Feb 2023Dermatophytes have the ability to invade the keratin layer of humans and cause infections. The aims of this study were the accurate identification of dermatophytes by...
Comparison of in vitro activities of newer triazoles and classic antifungal agents against dermatophyte species isolated from Iranian University Hospitals: a multi-central study.
BACKGROUND
Dermatophytes have the ability to invade the keratin layer of humans and cause infections. The aims of this study were the accurate identification of dermatophytes by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism method and sequencing and comparison between the in vitro activities of newer and established antifungal agents against them.
METHODS
Clinical specimens of patients from five Iranian university laboratories were entered in this study. Samples were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar medium. For molecular identification, extracted DNAs were amplified by the universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4, and digested with MvaI enzymes. The antifungal susceptibility test for each isolate to terbinafine, griseofulvin, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, luliconazole, and isavuconazole was performed, according to the microdilution CLSI M38-A2 and CLSI M61 standard methods.
RESULTS
Two hundred and seven fungi species similar to dermatophytes were isolated of which 198 (95.6%) were dermatophytes by molecular assay. The most commonly isolated were Trichophyton mentagrophytes (76/198), followed by Trichophyton interdigitale (57/198), Trichophyton rubrum (34/198), Trichophyton tonsurans (12/198), Microsporum canis (10/198), Trichophyton simii (3/198), Epidermophyton floccosum (3/198), Trichophyton violaceum (2/198), and Trichophyton benhamiae (1/198). The GM MIC and MIC values for all the isolates were as follows: terbinafine (0.091 and 1 μg/ml), griseofulvin (1.01 and 4 μg/ml), caspofungin (0.06 and 4 μg/ml), fluconazole (16.52 and 32 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.861 and 8 μg/ml), isavuconazole (0.074 and 2 μg/ml), and luliconazole (0.018 and 0.25 μg/ml).
CONCLUSION
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton interdigitale, and Trichophyton rubrum were the most common fungal species isolated from the patients. luliconazole, terbinafine, and isavuconazole in vitro were revealed to be the most effective antifungal agents against all dermatophyte isolates.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Fluconazole; Itraconazole; Terbinafine; Iran; Caspofungin; Griseofulvin; Hospitals, University; Triazoles
PubMed: 36805670
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00564-4 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2013[corrected] Dermatophytes are common in both developed and developing countries, the species involved and the resulting clinical entities vary geographically.
BACKGROUND
[corrected] Dermatophytes are common in both developed and developing countries, the species involved and the resulting clinical entities vary geographically.
AIM OF STUDY
To determine public health importance of dermatophytes with special regard to the distribution of the zoophilic species among the examined human cases.
METHODS
Patient specimens (dermatophytosis-like lesions) were mycologically examined using direct microscopic and cultural examinations.
RESULTS
The overall dermatophyte infection rates among the examined patients (260) were 81.5% and 61.9% by direct microscopic and cultural examinations, respectively. A total of 161 dermatophyte isolates were obtained from culturally positive human specimens. The most common isolated species were Trichophyton violaceum (60, 37.3%) and Microsporum canis (46, 28.6%), followed by Trichophyton rubrum (20, 12.4%), Trichophyton tonsurans (16, 9.9%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (11, 6.8%). The less frequently isolated species were Trichophyton verrucosum (3, 1.9%), Epidermophyton floccosum (3, 1.9%), Microsporum gypseum (1, 0.6%) and Microsporum audouinii (1, 0.6%). The current study further revealed that out of 161 culturally positive patients, 61 (37.9%) had contact with pet animals, 6 (3.7%) had contact with farm animals, 7 (4.3%) had a history of rodent presence in or around their home and 87 (54%) had no contact with animals.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Although the anthropophilic species dominated the aetiology of human dermatophytosis in present study, the zoophilic species represented nearly one third of the totally obtained isolates, with the most important organisms being M. canis, T.mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum. These findings indicate the necessity of human beings taking appropriate control measures when they are in contact with animals.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Child; Egypt; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tinea; Trichophyton; Zoonoses
PubMed: 23760076
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.54.123 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology May 2014Dermatophytosis is defined as the fungal infection of the skin, hair and nails by a group of keratinophillic fungi known as dermatophytes.
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytosis is defined as the fungal infection of the skin, hair and nails by a group of keratinophillic fungi known as dermatophytes.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This study is an attempt to find out various species of dermatophytes in clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred samples were subjected to direct microscopy by potassium hydroxide wet mount (KOH) and isolation on culture with Sabourauds dextrose agar.
RESULTS
Out of these 80 (80%) samples were KOH positive while 20 (20%) were KOH negative. Overall culture positivity rate was 68%. Dermatophytosis was more common in males, the M:F ratio was 4:1.
CONCLUSION
Total seven species were isolated on culture. Trichophyton rubrum (66.17%) was the commonest isolate followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (19.11%), Trichophyton violaceum (7.35%), Trichophyton tonsurans (2.94%) and one isolate each of Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum (1.47%).
PubMed: 24891658
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.131392 -
Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina,... Dec 2013Tinea capitis (TC) is a common fungal infection in children but is less frequently encountered in adults. This study evaluates the clinical characteristics and...
INTRODUCTION
Tinea capitis (TC) is a common fungal infection in children but is less frequently encountered in adults. This study evaluates the clinical characteristics and mycological studies of adult TC among the Egyptian population.
METHODS
A multicenter study included patients diagnosed with TC from 2002 to 2012.
RESULTS
The study included 58 patients with a predominance of females (84.5%). The average age was 43.2 years and the mean duration of lesions was 7.1 ± 2.41 months. A history of close contact with animals was reported in 17.2% and Hepatitis C virus infection was recorded in 34.4%. Clinically, scaly scalp (37.9%), alopecia (22.4%), and pyoderma-like lesions (13.8%) were the most common presentations. The parietal (27.6%) and temporal (25.8%) regions were the most affected areas. KOH mounting showed endothrix spores in 56.9%, ectothrix spores in 34.5%, and favic chaplets (hyphae) in 8.6%. Fungal culture showed Trichophyton violaceum in 56.9%, Microsporum audouinii in 19%, Microsporum canis in 15.5%, and Trichophyton schoenleini in 8.6%.
CONCLUSIONS
Trichophyton violaceum is the most common cause of adult TC among Egyptians. Increased awareness of variable clinical forms of TC will help in identifying more cases, especially those with HCV infection and close contact with animals.
Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Alopecia; Cohort Studies; Egypt; Female; Humans; Incidence; Itraconazole; Male; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 24336943
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 1999The mutual phylogenetic relationships of dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton were demonstrated by using internal transcribed spacer... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The mutual phylogenetic relationships of dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton were demonstrated by using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region ribosomal DNA sequences. Trichophyton spp. and Microsporum spp. form a cluster in the phylogenetic tree with Epidermophyton floccosum as an outgroup, and within this cluster, all Trichophyton spp. except Trichophyton terrestre form a nested cluster (100% bootstrap support). Members of dermatophytes in the cluster of Trichophyton spp. were classified into three groups with ITS1 homologies, with each of them being a monophyletic cluster (100% bootstrap support). The Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii-Arthroderma simii group consists of A. vanbreuseghemii, A. simii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates from humans, T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum, Trichophyton tonsurans, and Trichophyton schoenleinii. Arthroderma benhamiae, T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei, and Trichophyton verrucosum are members of the Arthroderma benhamiae group. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton violaceum form the T. rubrum group. This suggests that these "species" of dermatophytes have been overclassified. The ITS1 sequences of 11 clinical isolates were also determined to identify the species, and all strains were successfully identified by comparison of their base sequences with those in the ITS1 DNA sequence database.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Base Sequence; DNA Primers; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal; Epidermophyton; Humans; Microsporum; Mitosporic Fungi; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Species Specificity; Trichophyton
PubMed: 10074502
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.37.4.920-924.1999 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2022Tinea capitis (TC) is the most common superficial mycosis seen in children before puberty. The distribution of these dermatophytes changes over time and varies from...
Tinea capitis (TC) is the most common superficial mycosis seen in children before puberty. The distribution of these dermatophytes changes over time and varies from country to country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological and mycological characteristics of TC in Tunis. We conducted a retrospective study, involving 474 patients referred for mycological analysis of the scalp between January 2012 and December 2020. For each patient, a Clinical Information Sheet was completed, and a mycological sample was taken. The identification of isolated dermatophytes was based on macroscopic and microscopic colony criteria. Molecular real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection of 4 isolates was performed using the DermaGenius®2.0 kit. We collected 210 positive samples, reflecting a prevalence of 44.3% (n=210). Male patients were more frequently affected by TC (81%, n=170). The average age of patients was 6,2±3,4 years. Ring-shaped large patches were predominant (88%, n=184). Direct examination had a sensitivity of 87% (n=182). Microsporic ectothrix parasitism was detected in (79%, n=166) of cases and trichophytic endothrix in (7%, n=14) of cases. Culture was positive in (98%, n=207) of cases and five dermatophyte species were isolated: Microsporum canis (87%, n=182), Trichophyton violaceum (9%, n=19), Trichophyton mentagrophytes var mentagrophytes (3%, n=6), Microsporum gypsum (0.5%, n=1) and Trichophyton verrucosum (0.5%, n=1). This study reveals the occurrence of zoophilic dermatophytes, in particular M. canis. Mycological examination is essential to confirm the diagnosis, conduct epidemiological surveillance of dermatophytes in the districts and for therapeutic management.
Topics: Child; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Retrospective Studies; Scalp; Serogroup; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 35655683
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.41.168.29473 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Jan 2022Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a...
Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included 24 children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem.
PubMed: 35249718
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2020.11.024 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Jan 2022Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a...
Although zoophilic dermatophytes remain the predominant cause of tinea capitis in Spain, an increase due to anthropophilic species has been reported. We report a retrospective observational study that included twenty-four children, who were diagnosed with tinea capitis due to anthropophilic species between 2004 and 2019. 75% of the patients were males with a mean age of 4,88 years. We observed 83,3% of cases from Africa, 4,2% from South America and 12,5% from Spain. Clinically, 70,8% of the patients presented scaly patches and non-scaring alopecia. Trichophyton soudanense was the main dermatophyte of the series (45,8%), followed by Microsporum audouinii (20,8%), Trichophyton tonsurans (12,5%) and Trichophyton violaceum (12,5%). Although this pattern of infection appears to be linked to immigration from Africa, we saw three native cases. The easier transmission of anthropophilic rather than zoophilic dermatophytes could predict a rise in the incidence of tinea capitis and a public health problem.
PubMed: 35244543
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2020.11.035 -
Scanning 2016This study was aimed to explain the formation mechanisms of corkscrew hairs and cigarette-ash-shaped hairs observed by dermoscopy of tinea capitis. In the present work,...
This study was aimed to explain the formation mechanisms of corkscrew hairs and cigarette-ash-shaped hairs observed by dermoscopy of tinea capitis. In the present work, the ultrastructure of the involved hairs collected from a girl with tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). SEM observation of the corkscrew hair revealed bent hair shaft and asymmetrically disrupted cuticle layer. TEM findings demonstrated the hair shaft became weak. The corkscrew hairs closely covered by scales on the scalp were observed under dermoscopy. We speculate that the formation of corkscrew hairs is a result of a combination of internal damage due to hair degradation by T. violaceum and external resistance due to scales covering the hair. SEM observation of the cigarette-ash-shaped hair revealed irregularly disrupted and incompact end, which might represent the stump of the broken corkscrew hair after treatment.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Dermoscopy; Female; Hair; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 26301780
DOI: 10.1002/sca.21248 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2015Dermatophytes are Fungi which infect keratinized tissues, that is, skin epidermis, hair and nails. Trichophyton violaceum is an anthropophilic, cosmopolitan...
Dermatophytes are Fungi which infect keratinized tissues, that is, skin epidermis, hair and nails. Trichophyton violaceum is an anthropophilic, cosmopolitan dermatophyte. It primarily causes tinea capitis and less commonly tinea corporis and tinea unguium. We present a report of two cases of tinea corporis due to T. violaceum in children. Infections due to T. violaceum are important because of its transmissibility within families and community and its potential to spread and establish in new geographical areas.
Topics: Child; Cytological Techniques; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Skin; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 26470976
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.167334